Citations
0:10 – International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2018). Benzene (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 120). IARC. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Benzene-2018
0:17 – Malavolti, M., Malagoli, C., Filippini, T., Wise, L. A., Bellelli, A., Palazzi, G., Cellini, M., Costanzini, S., Teggi, S., & Vinceti, M. (2023). Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia. European journal of epidemiology, 38(7), 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-023-01009-0
0:23 – Health Canada. (2023, March 10). Benzene releases from gasoline stations – Implications for human health: Overview. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/benzene-releases-gasoline-stations-implications-human-health.html
0:30 – Examples of mandatory setbacks and recommendations:
- Indiana, USA: On September 20, 2021 the City of Carmel amended Section 5.65, of the Unified Development Ordinance, to increase the separation between homes and gas pumps-storage tanks from 80 feet to 500 feet.
https://www.carmel.in.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/19535/637738901889500000 - Maryland, USA: Any Filling Station facility designed to dispense a minimum of 3.6 million gallons per year must be located at least 500 feet from the lot line of any public or private school, or any park, playground, day care center, or any outdoor use categorized as a civic and institutional use or a Recreation and Entertainment use.
https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/montgomerycounty/latest/montgomeryco_md_zone2014/0-0-0-2044 - New Jersey, USA: Location of exits and entrances. No gas station, or vehicular repair service shop shall be located within 300 feet of the following uses when located along the same street or the same block: schools, playgrounds, churches, hospitals, libraries, institutions for dependent children, or other similar places of public assembly.
https://ecode360.com/BE1383 - Georgia, USA: There shall be a minimum distance of five hundred (500) feet measured from the nearest points of lot boundaries between a proposed gasoline service station and any existing gasoline service station or between a proposed gasoline service station and any lot occupied by a church, hospital, school, or other place of public assembly.
https://library.municode.com/ga/clarkston/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=PTIICOOR_CH9.5GASEST - Michigan, USA: Gasoline or service stations shall not be operated, existing stations excepted, within five hundred (500) feet from places of public assembly, nor shall any gasoline service station be located, existing stations excepted, within seven hundred fifty (750) feet measured along the same side of the street, to an existing gasoline service station.
https://library.municode.com/mi/harper_woods/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=COOR_CH12LIPEBURE_ARTIIIGAST_S12-79DR - Florida, USA: A gasoline service station shall be located only within a B business district and shall not be located closer than 1,000 feet to the grounds of any school, public recreation area or church. Distance shall be measured from the property lines at the nearest points.
https://library.municode.com/fl/indian_rocks_beach/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=SPBLADERE_CH110ZO_ARTIVSUDIRE_DIV12SESTPUGA_S110-495LOGAPUSEFA - Alabama, USA: No gasoline service station shall be located within a radius of 300 feet from a public assembly center, including, but not limited to: places of worship, community centers, hospitals, school, day care centers and similar uses in which large numbers of people are concentrated on a temporary or permanent basis.
https://library.municode.com/al/moody/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=COOR_APXAZO_ARTVIIISPEXUS_S8.00CE - Singapore: The boundary line of petroleum service stations shall be at least 50m from any residential building, or 90m from any place of public assembly.
https://www.scdf.gov.sg/firecode/table-of-content/chapter-9-additional-requirements-for-each-purpose-group/clause-9.6 - WA, Australia: The EPA recommends the boundary line of petroleum service stations should be at least 50-100m from residential areas. (50m for service stations operating within business hours and 100m for 24/7 operations).
https://www.epa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/Policies_and_Guidance/GS3-Separation-distances-270605.pdf - SA, Australia: The EPA recommends the boundary line of petroleum service stations should be at least 50-100m from residential areas. (50m for service stations operating within business hours and 100m for service stations operating after 10pm and before 7am).
https://www.epa.sa.gov.au/files/15485_eval_distances_2023.pdf - New Delhi, India: The Central Pollution Control Board has directed oil marketing companies to ensure fuel stations are at least 50 metres away from schools, hospitals, and residential areas.
https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-petrol-pumps-to-be-at-least-50-metres-away-from-schools-hospitals-houses-11579145548052.html - Rwanda, Africa: Service stations should be located at a minimum of 100m from any public institution such as schools, churches, public libraries, auditoriums, hospitals, and public playgrounds.
https://www.rura.rw/fileadmin/docs/Petrol_station_Guidelines.pdf - Ghana, Africa: Ghana National Petroleum Authority (GNPA) recommend 30.8m distance between a filling station and residential property and the Ghana National Fire Service (GNFS) recommend a 50m separation.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2023.2282473